PostgreSQL 9.1.4

PostgreSQL 是一款強大的開源關聯式資料庫系統，旨在提供可靠且正確的資料儲存解決方案。它支援絕大多數的 SQL 資料型別以及圖片、聲音與影像等二進位資料，並提供多種原生程式設計介面供開發者調用。由於其架構經過嚴格驗證且長期維護，在同類工具中屬於主流首選，是追求穩定性與功能強大的免費資料庫方案。

這套軟體適合需要自行架設網站的中小企業或軟體開發者，尤其在對系統記憶體佔用較敏感的情境下非常實用。相較於部分針對特定功能收費的替代方案，PostgreSQL 提供了極具競爭力的開源選擇。使用者在下載前需留意其主要支援英文語系，且可運行於 Windows、macOS 及 Linux 等多數主流作業系統。

PostgreSQL 是一款功能強大、開放原始碼的物件關聯式資料庫系統。它歷經超過 15 年的積極開發，其成熟的架構為可靠性、資料完整性與正確性贏得了良好聲譽。

它可在所有主流作業系統上執行，包括 Linux、UNIX（AIX、BSD、HP-UX、SGI IRIX、macOS、Solaris、Tru64）以及 Windows。PostgreSQL 是一款強大的物件關聯式資料庫管理系統！下載適用於 PC 的 PostgreSQL 離線安裝程式 64 位元版本！

它完全符合 ACID 規範，並完整支援外部鍵、聯結、檢視、觸發器以及預存程序（支援多種語言）。它包含大多數 SQL:2008 資料型別，包括 INTEGER、NUMERIC、BOOLEAN、CHAR、VARCHAR、DATE、INTERVAL 和 TIMESTAMP。

它也支援儲存二進位大型物件，包括圖片、音訊或影片。它具備 C/C++、Java、.Net、Perl、Python、Ruby、Tcl、ODBC 等原生程式設計介面，並提供卓越的文件（資料表大小最高可達 32 TB）。

PostgreSQL 2026 具備許多功能，旨在協助開發人員建置應用程式、協助管理員保護資料完整性並建置容錯環境，同時協助您管理任何規模的資料集。除了免費且開放原始碼之外，這款工具還具有高度擴充性。

例如，您可以定義自己的資料型別、建立自訂函式，甚至使用不同的程式語言撰寫程式碼，而無需重新編譯資料庫！

此應用程式力求在符合 SQL 標準的同時，不與傳統功能牴觸，也不會導致不良的架構決策。

SQL 標準要求的許多功能都已支援，不過有時語法或功能會略有差異。未來可望進一步提升標準符合度。

功能與重點

資料型別

• 基本型別：整數、數值、字串、布林值
• 結構化：日期/時間、陣列、範圍、UUID
• 文件型別：JSON/JSONB、XML、鍵值對（Hstore）
• 幾何型別：點、線、圓、多邊形
• 自訂：複合型別、自訂型別

資料完整性

• UNIQUE、NOT NULL
• 主鍵
• 外部鍵
• 排除約束
• 明確鎖定、建議鎖定

並行性與效能

• 索引：B-tree、多欄位、運算式、部分索引
• 進階索引：GiST、SP-GiST、KNN GiST、GIN、BRIN、涵蓋索引、布隆過濾器
• 精密的查詢規劃器/最佳化器、僅索引掃描、多欄位統計
• 交易、巢狀交易（透過儲存點）
• 多版本並行控制（MVCC）
• 讀取查詢與建立 B-tree 索引的平行化
• 資料表分割
• SQL 標準定義的所有交易隔離層級，包括可序列化
• 運算式的即時（JIT）編譯

可靠性與災難復原

• 預寫式記錄（WAL）
• 複寫：非同步、同步、邏輯
• 時間點復原（PITR）、主動備援
• 資料表空間

安全性

• 驗證：GSSAPI、SSPI、LDAP、SCRAM-SHA-256、憑證等
• 健全的存取控制系統
• 欄位與列層級安全性

擴充性

• 預存函式與程序
• 程序語言：PL/pgSQL、Perl、Python（以及更多）
• 外部資料包裝器：透過標準 SQL 介面連線至其他資料庫或串流
• 許多提供額外功能的擴充套件，包括 PostGIS

國際化與全文檢索

• 支援國際字元集，例如透過 ICU 定序
• 全文檢索

使用方式

• 從官方網站或 FileHorse.com 下載並安裝此程式
• 開啟 pgAdmin 或使用命令列進行資料庫管理
• 使用 pgAdmin 介面建立新資料庫
• 使用 SQL 查詢來建立、讀取、更新和刪除資料
• 設定使用者角色與權限以確保安全性
• 使用 pgAdmin 或命令列備份與還原資料庫
• 使用索引與查詢調校來最佳化效能
• 使用 PostgreSQL 相容驅動程式連線應用程式
• 使用內建記錄工具監控資料庫活動
• 保持 PostgreSQL 更新以確保安全性與效能

系統需求

作業系統：Windows 11 或 Windows 10（64 位元）

處理器：Intel 或 AMD 64 位元處理器

記憶體：最低 2GB，建議 4GB 或以上

儲存空間：安裝至少需要 100MB，資料儲存另需更多空間

其他需求：需要 Microsoft Visual C++ 可轉散發套件

優點

• 開放原始碼且免費使用
• 進階安全性功能
• 高擴充性與效能
• 支援複雜查詢與索引
• 強大的社群與文件

缺點

• 需要手動效能調校
• 某些情況下記憶體使用量較高
• 內建 GUI 管理工具有限
• 升級可能需要手動調整

另有提供：下載 PostgreSQL for Mac

下載 PostgreSQL 最新版本 為什麼此應用程式發佈在 FileHorse 上？（更多資訊）

* Fix incorrect password transformation in contrib/pgcrypto's DES crypt() function (Solar Designer) If a password string contained the byte value 0x80, the remainder of the password was ignored, causing the password to be much weaker than it appeared. With this fix, the rest of the string is properly included in the DES hash. Any stored password values that are affected by this bug will thus no longer match, so the stored values may need to be updated.
* Ignore SECURITY DEFINER and SET attributes for a procedural language's call handler Applying such attributes to a call handler could crash the server.
* Make contrib/citext's upgrade script fix collations of citext arrays and domains over citext Release 9.1.2 provided a fix for collations of citext columns and indexes in databases upgraded or reloaded from pre-9.1 installations, but that fix was incomplete: it neglected to handle arrays and domains over citext. This release extends the module's upgrade script to handle these cases. As before, if you have already run the upgrade script, you'll need to run the collation update commands by hand instead. See the 9.1.2 release notes for more information about doing this.
* Allow numeric timezone offsets in timestamp input to be up to 16 hours away from UTC Some historical time zones have offsets larger than 15 hours, the previous limit. This could result in dumped data values being rejected during reload.
* Fix timestamp conversion to cope when the given time is exactly the last DST transition time for the current timezone This oversight has been there a long time, but was not noticed previously because most DST-using zones are presumed to have an indefinite sequence of future DST transitions.
* Fix text to name and char to name casts to perform string truncation correctly in multibyte encodings
* Fix memory copying bug in to_tsquery()
* Ensure txid_current() reports the correct epoch when executed in hot standby
* Fix planner's handling of outer PlaceHolderVars within subqueries This bug concerns sub-SELECTs that reference variables coming from the nullable side of an outer join of the surrounding query. In 9.1, queries affected by this bug would fail with "ERROR: Upper-level PlaceHolderVar found where not expected". But in 9.0 and 8.4, you'd silently get possibly-wrong answers, since the value transmitted into the subquery wouldn't go to null when it should.
* Fix planning of UNION ALL subqueries with output columns that are not simple variables Planning of such cases got noticeably worse in 9.1 as a result of a misguided fix for "MergeAppend child's targetlist doesn't match MergeAppend" errors. Revert that fix and do it another way.
* Fix slow session startup when pg_attribute is very large If pg_attribute exceeds one-fourth of shared_buffers, cache rebuilding code that is sometimes needed during session start would trigger the synchronized-scan logic, causing it to take many times longer than normal. The problem was particularly acute if many new sessions were starting at once.
* Ensure sequential scans check for query cancel reasonably often A scan encountering many consecutive pages that contain no live tuples would not respond to interrupts meanwhile.
* Ensure the Windows implementation of PGSemaphoreLock() clears ImmediateInterruptOK before returning This oversight meant that a query-cancel interrupt received later in the same query could be accepted at an unsafe time, with unpredictable but not good consequences.
* Show whole-row variables safely when printing views or rules Corner cases involving ambiguous names (that is, the name could be either a table or column name of the query) were printed in an ambiguous way, risking that the view or rule would be interpreted differently after dump and reload. Avoid the ambiguous case by attaching a no-op cast.
* Fix COPY FROM to properly handle null marker strings that correspond to invalid encoding A null marker string such as E'\0' should work, and did work in the past, but the case got broken in 8.4.
* Fix EXPLAIN VERBOSE for writable CTEs containing RETURNING clauses
* Fix PREPARE TRANSACTION to work correctly in the presence of advisory locks Historically, PREPARE TRANSACTION has simply ignored any session-level advisory locks the session holds, but this case was accidentally broken in 9.1.
* Fix truncation of unlogged tables
* Ignore missing schemas during non-interactive assignments of search_path This re-aligns 9.1's behavior with that of older branches. Previously 9.1 would throw an error for nonexistent schemas mentioned in search_path settings obtained from places such as ALTER DATABASE SET.
* Fix bugs with temporary or transient tables used in extension scripts This includes cases such as a rewriting ALTER TABLE within an extension update script, since that uses a transient table behind the scenes.
* Ensure autovacuum worker processes perform stack depth checking properly Previously, infinite recursion in a function invoked by auto-ANALYZE could crash worker processes.
* Fix logging collector to not lose log coherency under high load The collector previously could fail to reassemble large messages if it got too busy.
* Fix logging collector to ensure it will restart file rotation after receiving SIGHUP
* Fix "too many LWLocks taken" failure in GiST indexes
* Fix WAL replay logic for GIN indexes to not fail if the index was subsequently dropped
* Correctly detect SSI conflicts of prepared transactions after a crash
* Avoid synchronous replication delay when committing a transaction that only modified temporary tables In such a case the transaction's commit record need not be flushed to standby servers, but some of the code didn't know that and waited for it to happen anyway.
* Fix error handling in pg_basebackup
* Fix walsender to not go into a busy loop if connection is terminated
* Fix memory leak in PL/pgSQL's RETURN NEXT command
* Fix PL/pgSQL's GET DIAGNOSTICS command when the target is the function's first variable
* Ensure that PL/Perl package-qualifies the _TD variable This bug caused trigger invocations to fail when they are nested within a function invocation that changes the current package.
* Fix PL/Python functions returning composite types to accept a string for their result value This case was accidentally broken by the 9.1 additions to allow a composite result value to be supplied in other formats, such as dictionaries.
* Fix potential access off the end of memory in psql's expanded display (x) mode
* Fix several performance problems in pg_dump when the database contains many objects pg_dump could get very slow if the database contained many schemas, or if many objects are in dependency loops, or if there are many owned sequences.
* Fix memory and file descriptor leaks in pg_restore when reading a directory-format archive
* Fix pg_upgrade for the case that a database stored in a non-default tablespace contains a table in the cluster's default tablespace
* In ecpg, fix rare memory leaks and possible overwrite of one byte after the sqlca_t structure
* Fix contrib/dblink's dblink_exec() to not leak temporary database connections upon error
* Fix contrib/dblink to report the correct connection name in error messages
* Fix contrib/vacuumlo to use multiple transactions when dropping many large objects This change avoids exceeding max_locks_per_transaction when many objects need to be dropped. The behavior can be adjusted with the new -l (limit) option.
* Update time zone data files to tzdata release 2012c for DST law changes in Antarctica, Armenia, Chile, Cuba, Falkland Islands, Gaza, Haiti, Hebron, Morocco, Syria, and Tokelau Islands; also historical corrections for Canada.