PostgreSQL 9.5.2

PostgreSQL 是一款功能強大、開放原始碼的物件關聯式資料庫系統。它歷經超過 15 年的積極開發，其成熟的架構為可靠性、資料完整性與正確性贏得了良好聲譽。

它可在所有主流作業系統上執行，包括 Linux、UNIX（AIX、BSD、HP-UX、SGI IRIX、macOS、Solaris、Tru64）以及 Windows。PostgreSQL 是一款強大的物件關聯式資料庫管理系統！下載適用於 PC 的 PostgreSQL 離線安裝程式 64 位元版本！

它完全符合 ACID 規範，並完整支援外部鍵、聯結、檢視、觸發器以及預存程序（支援多種語言）。它包含大多數 SQL:2008 資料型別，包括 INTEGER、NUMERIC、BOOLEAN、CHAR、VARCHAR、DATE、INTERVAL 和 TIMESTAMP。

它也支援儲存二進位大型物件，包括圖片、音訊或影片。它具備 C/C++、Java、.Net、Perl、Python、Ruby、Tcl、ODBC 等原生程式設計介面，並提供卓越的文件（資料表大小最高可達 32 TB）。

PostgreSQL 2026 具備許多功能，旨在協助開發人員建置應用程式、協助管理員保護資料完整性並建置容錯環境，同時協助您管理任何規模的資料集。除了免費且開放原始碼之外，這款工具還具有高度擴充性。

例如，您可以定義自己的資料型別、建立自訂函式，甚至使用不同的程式語言撰寫程式碼，而無需重新編譯資料庫！

此應用程式力求在符合 SQL 標準的同時，不與傳統功能牴觸，也不會導致不良的架構決策。

SQL 標準要求的許多功能都已支援，不過有時語法或功能會略有差異。未來可望進一步提升標準符合度。

功能與重點

資料型別

• 基本型別：整數、數值、字串、布林值
• 結構化：日期/時間、陣列、範圍、UUID
• 文件型別：JSON/JSONB、XML、鍵值對（Hstore）
• 幾何型別：點、線、圓、多邊形
• 自訂：複合型別、自訂型別

資料完整性

• UNIQUE、NOT NULL
• 主鍵
• 外部鍵
• 排除約束
• 明確鎖定、建議鎖定

並行性與效能

• 索引：B-tree、多欄位、運算式、部分索引
• 進階索引：GiST、SP-GiST、KNN GiST、GIN、BRIN、涵蓋索引、布隆過濾器
• 精密的查詢規劃器/最佳化器、僅索引掃描、多欄位統計
• 交易、巢狀交易（透過儲存點）
• 多版本並行控制（MVCC）
• 讀取查詢與建立 B-tree 索引的平行化
• 資料表分割
• SQL 標準定義的所有交易隔離層級，包括可序列化
• 運算式的即時（JIT）編譯

可靠性與災難復原

• 預寫式記錄（WAL）
• 複寫：非同步、同步、邏輯
• 時間點復原（PITR）、主動備援
• 資料表空間

安全性

• 驗證：GSSAPI、SSPI、LDAP、SCRAM-SHA-256、憑證等
• 健全的存取控制系統
• 欄位與列層級安全性

擴充性

• 預存函式與程序
• 程序語言：PL/pgSQL、Perl、Python（以及更多）
• 外部資料包裝器：透過標準 SQL 介面連線至其他資料庫或串流
• 許多提供額外功能的擴充套件，包括 PostGIS

國際化與全文檢索

• 支援國際字元集，例如透過 ICU 定序
• 全文檢索

使用方式

• 從官方網站或 FileHorse.com 下載並安裝此程式
• 開啟 pgAdmin 或使用命令列進行資料庫管理
• 使用 pgAdmin 介面建立新資料庫
• 使用 SQL 查詢來建立、讀取、更新和刪除資料
• 設定使用者角色與權限以確保安全性
• 使用 pgAdmin 或命令列備份與還原資料庫
• 使用索引與查詢調校來最佳化效能
• 使用 PostgreSQL 相容驅動程式連線應用程式
• 使用內建記錄工具監控資料庫活動
• 保持 PostgreSQL 更新以確保安全性與效能

系統需求

作業系統：Windows 11 或 Windows 10（64 位元）

處理器：Intel 或 AMD 64 位元處理器

記憶體：最低 2GB，建議 4GB 或以上

儲存空間：安裝至少需要 100MB，資料儲存另需更多空間

其他需求：需要 Microsoft Visual C++ 可轉散發套件

優點

• 開放原始碼且免費使用
• 進階安全性功能
• 高擴充性與效能
• 支援複雜查詢與索引
• 強大的社群與文件

缺點

• 需要手動效能調校
• 某些情況下記憶體使用量較高
• 內建 GUI 管理工具有限
• 升級可能需要手動調整

另有提供：下載 PostgreSQL for Mac

下載 PostgreSQL 最新版本 為什麼此應用程式發佈在 FileHorse 上？（更多資訊）

# Changes
* Disable abbreviated keys for string sorting in non-C locales
- PostgreSQL 9.5 introduced logic for speeding up comparisons of string data types by using the standard C library function strxfrm() as a substitute for strcoll(). It now emerges that most versions of glibc (Linux's implementation of the C library) have buggy implementations of strxfrm() that, in some locales, can produce string comparison results that do not match strcoll(). Until this problem can be better characterized, disable the optimization in all non-C locales. (C locale is safe since it uses neither strcoll() nor strxfrm().) Unfortunately, this problem affects not only sorting but also entry ordering in B-tree indexes, which means that B-tree indexes on text, varchar, or char columns may now be corrupt if they sort according to an affected locale and were built or modified under PostgreSQL 9.5.0 or 9.5.1. Users should REINDEX indexes that might be affected. It is not possible at this time to give an exhaustive list of known-affected locales. C locale is known safe, and there is no evidence of trouble in English-based locales such as en_US, but some other popular locales such as de_DE are affected in most glibc versions.
* Maintain row-security status properly in cached plans
- In a session that performs queries as more than one role, the plan cache might incorrectly re-use a plan that was generated for another role ID, thus possibly applying the wrong set of policies when row-level security (RLS) is in use. (CVE-2016-2193)
* Add must-be-superuser checks to some new contrib/pageinspect functions
- Most functions in the pageinspect extension that inspect bytea values disallow calls by non-superusers, but brin_page_type() and brin_metapage_info() failed to do so. Passing contrived bytea values to them might crash the server or disclose a few bytes of server memory. Add the missing permissions checks to prevent misuse. (CVE-2016-3065)
* Fix incorrect handling of indexed ROW() comparisons
- Flaws in a minor optimization introduced in 9.5 caused incorrect results if the ROW() comparison matches the index ordering partially but not exactly (for example, differing column order, or the index contains both ASC and DESC columns). Pending a better solution, the optimization has been removed.
* Fix incorrect handling of NULL index entries in indexed ROW() comparisons
- An index search using a row comparison such as ROW(a, b) > ROW('x', 'y') would stop upon reaching a NULL entry in the b column, ignoring the fact that there might be non-NULL b values associated with later values of a.
* Avoid unlikely data-loss scenarios due to renaming files without adequate fsync() calls before and after
* Fix incorrect behavior when rechecking a just-modified row in a query that does SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE and contains some relations that need not be locked
- Rows from non-locked relations were incorrectly treated as containing all NULLs during the recheck, which could result in incorrectly deciding that the updated row no longer passes the WHERE condition, or in incorrectly outputting NULLs.
* Fix bug in json_to_record() when a field of its input object contains a sub-object with a field name matching one of the requested output column names
* Fix nonsense result from two-argument form of jsonb_object() when called with empty arrays
* Fix misbehavior in jsonb_set() when converting a path array element into an integer for use as an array subscript
* Fix misformatting of negative time zone offsets by to_char()'s OF format code
* Fix possible incorrect logging of waits done by INSERT ... ON CONFLICT
- Log messages would sometimes claim that the wait was due to an exclusion constraint although no such constraint was responsible.
* Ignore recovery_min_apply_delay parameter until recovery has reached a consistent state
- Previously, standby servers would delay application of WAL records in response to recovery_min_apply_delay even while replaying the initial portion of WAL needed to make their database state valid. Since the standby is useless until it's reached a consistent database state, this was deemed unhelpful.
* Correctly handle cases where pg_subtrans is close to XID wraparound during server startup
* Fix assorted bugs in logical decoding (Andres Freund)
- Trouble cases included tuples larger than one page when replica identity is FULL, UPDATEs that change a primary key within a transaction large enough to be spooled to disk, incorrect reports of "subxact logged without previous toplevel record", and incorrect reporting of a transaction's commit time.
* Fix planner error with nested security barrier views when the outer view has a WHERE clause containing a correlated subquery
* Fix memory leak in GIN index searches
* Fix corner-case crash due to trying to free localeconv() output strings more than once
* Fix parsing of affix files for ispell dictionaries
- The code could go wrong if the affix file contained any characters whose byte length changes during case-folding, for example I in Turkish UTF8 locales.
* Avoid use of sscanf() to parse ispell dictionary files
- This dodges a portability problem on FreeBSD-derived platforms (including OS X).
* Fix atomic-operations code used on PPC with IBM's xlc compiler
- This error led to rare failures of concurrent operations on that platform.
* Avoid a crash on old Windows versions (before 7SP1/2008R2SP1) with an AVX2-capable CPU and a Postgres build done with Visual Studio 2013
- This is a workaround for a bug in Visual Studio 2013's runtime library, which Microsoft have stated they will not fix in that version.
* Fix psql's tab completion logic to handle multibyte characters properly
* Fix psql's tab completion for SECURITY LABEL
- Pressing TAB after SECURITY LABEL might cause a crash or offering of inappropriate keywords.
* Make pg_ctl accept a wait timeout from the PGCTLTIMEOUT environment variable, if none is specified on the command line
- This eases testing of slower buildfarm members by allowing them to globally specify a longer-than-normal timeout for postmaster startup and shutdown.
* Fix incorrect test for Windows service status in pg_ctl
- The previous set of minor releases attempted to fix pg_ctl to properly determine whether to send log messages to Window's Event Log, but got the test backwards.
* Fix pgbench to correctly handle the combination of -C and -M prepared options
* In pg_upgrade, skip creating a deletion script when the new data directory is inside the old data directory
- Blind application of the script in such cases would result in loss of the new data directory.
* In PL/Perl, properly translate empty Postgres arrays into empty Perl arrays
* Make PL/Python cope with function names that aren't valid Python identifiers
* Fix multiple mistakes in the statistics returned by contrib/pgstattuple's pgstatindex() function
* Remove dependency on psed in MSVC builds, since it's no longer provided by core Perl
* Update time zone data files to tzdata release 2016c for DST law changes in Azerbaijan, Chile, Haiti, Palestine, and Russia (Altai, Astrakhan, Kirov, Sakhalin, Ulyanovsk regions), plus historical corrections for Lithuania, Moldova, and Russia