PostgreSQL 9.6.1

PostgreSQL 是一款功能強大、開放原始碼的物件關聯式資料庫系統。它歷經超過 15 年的積極開發，其成熟的架構為可靠性、資料完整性與正確性贏得了良好聲譽。

它可在所有主流作業系統上執行，包括 Linux、UNIX（AIX、BSD、HP-UX、SGI IRIX、macOS、Solaris、Tru64）以及 Windows。PostgreSQL 是一款強大的物件關聯式資料庫管理系統！下載適用於 PC 的 PostgreSQL 離線安裝程式 64 位元版本！

它完全符合 ACID 規範，並完整支援外部鍵、聯結、檢視、觸發器以及預存程序（支援多種語言）。它包含大多數 SQL:2008 資料型別，包括 INTEGER、NUMERIC、BOOLEAN、CHAR、VARCHAR、DATE、INTERVAL 和 TIMESTAMP。

它也支援儲存二進位大型物件，包括圖片、音訊或影片。它具備 C/C++、Java、.Net、Perl、Python、Ruby、Tcl、ODBC 等原生程式設計介面，並提供卓越的文件（資料表大小最高可達 32 TB）。

PostgreSQL 2026 具備許多功能，旨在協助開發人員建置應用程式、協助管理員保護資料完整性並建置容錯環境，同時協助您管理任何規模的資料集。除了免費且開放原始碼之外，這款工具還具有高度擴充性。

例如，您可以定義自己的資料型別、建立自訂函式，甚至使用不同的程式語言撰寫程式碼，而無需重新編譯資料庫！

此應用程式力求在符合 SQL 標準的同時，不與傳統功能牴觸，也不會導致不良的架構決策。

SQL 標準要求的許多功能都已支援，不過有時語法或功能會略有差異。未來可望進一步提升標準符合度。

功能與重點

資料型別

• 基本型別：整數、數值、字串、布林值
• 結構化：日期/時間、陣列、範圍、UUID
• 文件型別：JSON/JSONB、XML、鍵值對（Hstore）
• 幾何型別：點、線、圓、多邊形
• 自訂：複合型別、自訂型別

資料完整性

• UNIQUE、NOT NULL
• 主鍵
• 外部鍵
• 排除約束
• 明確鎖定、建議鎖定

並行性與效能

• 索引：B-tree、多欄位、運算式、部分索引
• 進階索引：GiST、SP-GiST、KNN GiST、GIN、BRIN、涵蓋索引、布隆過濾器
• 精密的查詢規劃器/最佳化器、僅索引掃描、多欄位統計
• 交易、巢狀交易（透過儲存點）
• 多版本並行控制（MVCC）
• 讀取查詢與建立 B-tree 索引的平行化
• 資料表分割
• SQL 標準定義的所有交易隔離層級，包括可序列化
• 運算式的即時（JIT）編譯

可靠性與災難復原

• 預寫式記錄（WAL）
• 複寫：非同步、同步、邏輯
• 時間點復原（PITR）、主動備援
• 資料表空間

安全性

• 驗證：GSSAPI、SSPI、LDAP、SCRAM-SHA-256、憑證等
• 健全的存取控制系統
• 欄位與列層級安全性

擴充性

• 預存函式與程序
• 程序語言：PL/pgSQL、Perl、Python（以及更多）
• 外部資料包裝器：透過標準 SQL 介面連線至其他資料庫或串流
• 許多提供額外功能的擴充套件，包括 PostGIS

國際化與全文檢索

• 支援國際字元集，例如透過 ICU 定序
• 全文檢索

使用方式

• 從官方網站或 FileHorse.com 下載並安裝此程式
• 開啟 pgAdmin 或使用命令列進行資料庫管理
• 使用 pgAdmin 介面建立新資料庫
• 使用 SQL 查詢來建立、讀取、更新和刪除資料
• 設定使用者角色與權限以確保安全性
• 使用 pgAdmin 或命令列備份與還原資料庫
• 使用索引與查詢調校來最佳化效能
• 使用 PostgreSQL 相容驅動程式連線應用程式
• 使用內建記錄工具監控資料庫活動
• 保持 PostgreSQL 更新以確保安全性與效能

系統需求

作業系統：Windows 11 或 Windows 10（64 位元）

處理器：Intel 或 AMD 64 位元處理器

記憶體：最低 2GB，建議 4GB 或以上

儲存空間：安裝至少需要 100MB，資料儲存另需更多空間

其他需求：需要 Microsoft Visual C++ 可轉散發套件

優點

• 開放原始碼且免費使用
• 進階安全性功能
• 高擴充性與效能
• 支援複雜查詢與索引
• 強大的社群與文件

缺點

• 需要手動效能調校
• 某些情況下記憶體使用量較高
• 內建 GUI 管理工具有限
• 升級可能需要手動調整

另有提供：下載 PostgreSQL for Mac

下載 PostgreSQL 最新版本 為什麼此應用程式發佈在 FileHorse 上？（更多資訊）

# Changes
- Fix WAL-logging of truncation of relation free space maps and visibility maps (Pavan Deolasee, Heikki Linnakangas) It was possible for these files to not be correctly restored during crash recovery, or to be written incorrectly on a standby server. Bogus entries in a free space map could lead to attempts to access pages that have been truncated away from the relation itself, typically producing errors like "could not read block XXX: read only 0 of 8192 bytes". Checksum failures in the visibility map are also possible, if checksumming is enabled. Procedures for determining whether there is a problem and repairing it
- Fix possible data corruption when pg_upgrade rewrites a relation visibility map into 9.6 format. On big-endian machines, bytes of the new visibility map were written in the wrong order, leading to a completely incorrect map. On Windows, the old map was read using text mode, leading to incorrect results if the map happened to contain consecutive bytes that matched a carriage return/line feed sequence. The latter error would almost always lead to a pg_upgrade failure due to the map file appearing to be the wrong length. If you are using a big-endian machine (many non-Intel architectures are big-endian) and have used pg_upgrade to upgrade from a pre-9.6 release, you should assume that all visibility maps are incorrect and need to be regenerated. It is sufficient to truncate each relation's visibility map with contrib/pg_visibility's pg_truncate_visibility_map() function.
- Don't throw serialization errors for self-conflicting insertions in INSERT ... ON CONFLICT
- Fix use-after-free hazard in execution of aggregate functions using DISTINCT This could lead to a crash or incorrect query results.
- Fix incorrect handling of polymorphic aggregates used as window functions .The aggregate's transition function was told that its first argument and result were of the aggregate's output type, rather than the state type. This led to errors or crashes with polymorphic transition functions.
- Fix COPY with a column name list from a table that has row-level security enabled
- Fix EXPLAIN to emit valid XML when track_io_timing is on .Previously the XML output-format option produced syntactically invalid tags such as <I/O-Read-Time>. That is now rendered as <I-O-Read-Time>.
- Fix statistics update for TRUNCATE in a prepared transaction
- Fix bugs in merging inherited CHECK constraints while creating or altering a table.Allow identical CHECK constraints to be added to a parent and child table in either order. Prevent merging of a valid constraint from the parent table with a NOT VALID constraint on the child. Likewise, prevent merging of a NO INHERIT child constraint with an inherited constraint.
- Show a sensible value in pg_settings.unit for min_wal_size and max_wal_size
- Fix replacement of array elements in jsonb_set() If the target is an existing JSON array element, it got deleted instead of being replaced with a new value.
- Avoid very-low-probability data corruption due to testing tuple visibility without holding buffer lock
- Preserve commit timestamps across server restart. With track_commit_timestamp turned on, old commit timestamps became inaccessible after a clean server restart.
- Fix logical WAL decoding to work properly when a subtransaction's WAL output is large enough to spill to disk
- Fix dangling-pointer problem in logical WAL decoding
- Round shared-memory allocation request to a multiple of the actual huge page size when attempting to use huge pages on Linux
- This avoids possible failures during munmap() on systems with atypical default huge page sizes. Except in crash-recovery cases, there were no ill effects other than a log message. Don't try to share SSL contexts across multiple connections in libpq . This led to assorted corner-case bugs, particularly when trying to use different SSL parameters for different connections.
- Avoid corner-case memory leak in libpq . The reported problem involved leaking an error report during PQreset(), but there might be related cases.
- In pg_upgrade, check library loadability in name order .This is a workaround to deal with cross-extension dependencies from language transform modules to their base language and data type modules.
- Fix pg_upgrade to work correctly for extensions containing index access methods ( To allow this, the server has been extended to support ALTER EXTENSION ADD/DROP ACCESS METHOD. That functionality should have been included in the original patch to support dynamic creation of access methods, but it was overlooked.
- Improve error reporting in pg_upgrade's file copying/linking/rewriting steps
- Fix pg_dump to work against pre-7.4 servers
- Disallow specifying both --source-server and --source-target options to pg_rewind
- Make pg_rewind turn off synchronous_commit in its session on the source server.This allows pg_rewind to work even when the source server is using synchronous replication that is not working for some reason.
- In pg_xlogdump, retry opening new WAL segments when using --follow option. This allows for a possible delay in the server's creation of the next segment.
- Fix contrib/pg_visibility to report the correct TID for a corrupt tuple that has been the subject of a rolled-back update (Tom Lane)
- Fix makefile dependencies so that parallel make of PL/Python by itself will succeed reliably (Pavel Raiskup)
- Update time zone data files to tzdata release 2016h for DST law changes in Palestine and Turkey, plus historical corrections for Turkey and some regions of Russia. Switch to numeric abbreviations for some time zones in Antarctica, the former Soviet Union, and Sri Lanka.